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Índice: Alteraciones Fraudulentas de Firmas, Textos y Documentos

6 de agosto de 2015

Manera, A. E. (200).Falsedades documentales por computadora. Buenos Aires – Argentina: Ediciones La Rocca.

 

 

INDICE GENERAL

 

      Prólogo                                                                                                                                                              9

 

Capítulo Primero

ALTERACIONES FRAUDULENTAS DE FIRMAS,

TEXTOS Y DOCUMENTOS

 

 

 

1. Introducción                                                                                                                                                                    17

2. Alteración del contenido                                                                                                                                     18

a)      Borrado o raspado                                                                                                                                       18

b)      Enmienda, sustitución y retoque                                                                                                                 18

c)      Lavado químico                                                                                                                                          18

d)     Intercalado y agregado                                                                                                                               19

e)      Testado                                                                                                                                                        19

3. Desfiguración de la propia letra                                                                                                                          19

a)       Alteración de alguno o varios de los elementos de la grafía…                                                                               20

b)      Variación en el “pívot” gráfico                                                                                                                               20

c)      Variación en la posición del elemento empleado para escribir                                                                                20

d)     Variación en la inclinación del papel                                                                                                           20

e)      Escritura en la mano contraria a la habitual                                                                                                 20

f)       Escritura temblorosa o grafía tosca                                                                                                             21

g)      Escritura con caracteres de linaje tipográfico                                                                                                          21

4. Imitaciones                                                                                                                                                          21

a)      Falsedades limitativas manuales                                                                                                                 22

1. Sin referenciar                                                                                                                                          22

2. De memoria                                                                                                                                                         22

3. Por imitación servil o con modelo a la vista                                                                                                        22

4. Por calco                                                                                                                                                  22

5. Por proyección                                                                                                                                         22

6. Por imagen reflejada                                                                                                                                23

7. Por imitación libre o ejercitada                                                                                                                23

b)      Falsedades imitadas mecánicas                                                                                                                   23

1. Mediante mecanografía                                                                                                                           23

2. Mediante fotocopiadora                                                                                                                          23

3. Mediante impresión de sellos                                                                                                                  24

4. Mediante escaneo e impresión computarizada                                                                                        25

5. Características de las falsificaciones por escaneo e impresión computarizada                                                    25

6. Cómo detectarlas                                                                                                                                                26

7. Cómo prevenirlas                                                                                                                                                27

a)      Elementos manuales para escribir                                                                                                                27

b)      Tintas                                                                                                                                                           27

c)      Soportes                                                                                                                                                      28

d)     Elementos de distintos colores                                                                                                                                28

8. Corolario                                                                                                                                                             28

 

 

Capítulo II

EQUIPO

                                                                                                                                                                                31

1. Programa Adobe Photoshop                                                                                                                               31

a)      Barra de título                                                                                                                                                         33

b)      Barra de menús                                                                                                                                           33

c)      Cuadro de órdenes                                                                                                                                      34

d)     Cuadro de opciones                                                                                                                                    34

e)      Ventana del documento                                                                                                                              34

f)       Caja de herramientas                                                                                                                                   34

g)      Paletas                                                                                                                                                                     34

h)      Barra de estado                                                                                                                                           34

2. Programa Microsoft Word                                                                                                                                  35

3. Aclaración sobre los procedimientos                                                                                                                   36

 

 

Capítulo III

CREACIÓN DE LA IMAGEN DE SU FIRMA

POR COMPUTADORA

 

 

                                                                                                                                                                                37

1. Escaneo                                                                                                                                                               37

2. Impresión                                                                                                                                                            41

3. Varita Mágica                                                                                                                                                      43

 

Capítulo IV

RETOQUES

 

                                                                                                                                                                                47

1. Ajuste de niveles                                                                                                                                                 48

2. Zoom                                                                                                                                                                   50

3. Selección de trazos                                                                                                                                              53

4. Agrandar o reducir la selección                                                                                                                           55

5. Selección de color                                                                                                                                               55

6. Pintar con aerógrafo                                                                                                                                                        57

 

 

Capítulo V

 

LEVANTAMIENTO DE FIRMA SUPERPUESTA

A TEXTOS DE IGUAL VALOR CROMÁTICO

IMPRESIÓN EN UN FORMULARIO PREIMPRESO

 

 

                                                                                                                                                                                59

1. Borrador                                                                                                                                                              62

2. Máscara de enfoque                                                                                                                                            68

3. Recorte de la imagen                                                                                                                                           70

4. Medición del tamaño de la imagen                                                                                                                                 71

5. Apertura de Microsoft Word                                                                                                                              72

6. Impresión de un archivo en un formulario                                                                                                                      77

 

 

Capítulo VI

LEVANTAMIENTO DE FIRMA SUPERPUESTA

A TEXTO DE DISTINTO VALOR CROMÁTICO

 

 

                                                                                                                                                                                87

1. Firma estampada en color negro                                                                                                                         87

2. Firma estampada en cualquier color distinto de negro                                                                                        89

a)      Seleccionar, pintar, invertir y borrar                                                                                                            91

b)      Seleccionar, cortar y pegar                                                                                                                          93

c)      Seleccionar, tampón, copiar, invertir y borrar                                                                                                         102

3. Navegador                                                                                                                                                           105

 

 

Capítulo VII

ELEMENTOS FORMALES DE LA GRAFÍA

SUS MODIFICACIONES POR COMPUTADORA

 

 

                                                                                                                                                                                109

1. Modificación de trazos rectos                                                                                                                             110

a)      Capas                                                                                                                                                           110

b)      Filtro, distorsionar, encoger                                                                                                                        114

c)      Filtro, distorsionar, molinete                                                                                                                       116

d)     Filtro, distorsionar, zig-zag                                                                                                                         116

e)      Transformación libre. Combinación con otras modificaciones                                                                               116

2. Modificación de trazos curvos                                                                                                                            119

3. Alteraciones combinadas de trazos rectos y curvos                                                                                                        119

4. Rasgos iniciales y finales. Borrado y sustitución                                                                                                120

5.Puntos de ataque o de escape                                                                                                                              122

6. Signos de puntuación y tildes                                                                                                                             124

7. Puntos sobre la vocal “i” y la consonante “j”                                                                                                      127

8. Tildes de consonantes “t”                                                                                                                                   128

9. Línea base de la escritura                                                                                                                                    128

9. Caja de escritura                                                                                                                                                  133

10. Superposición de trazos                                                                                                                                    134

 

 

 

Capítulo VIII

ELEMENTOS ESRUCTURALES DE LA GRAFÍA

SUS MODIFICACIONES POR COMPUTADORA

 

 

                                                                                                                                                                                139

1. Proporcionalidad y dimensión                                                                                                                            139

            Contornear                                                                                                                                                   148

2. Angulosidad                                                                                                                                                                    149

3. Inclinación                                                                                                                                                           151

a)      Alteración de inclinación en firmas                                                                                                             151

b)      Alteración de inclinación en textos                                                                                                             153

c)      Alteración de inclinación en los ejes axiales                                                                                               162

4. Presión                                                                                                                                                                 165

5. Dirección                                                                                                                                                             167

 

 

Capítulo IX

DEMOSTRACIONES PERICIALES

 

 

                                                                                                                                                                                175

1. Estudios morfológicos de firmas                                                                                                                        175

2. Ejemplo 1                                                                                                                                                            176

3. Superposición y composición de imágenes                                                                                                                     178

a)      Superposición                                                                                                                                              180

b)      Composición                                                                                                                                               183

4. Ejemplo 2                                                                                                                                                            186

5. Ritmos del presionado                                                                                                                                        192

a)      Demostración por brillo y contraste                                                                                                            193

b)      Demostración por filtro “pincel seco”                                                                                                                     194

c)      Ejemplo de ritmo presionado                                                                                                                      195

d)     Señalización sobre las imágenes                                                                                                                  197

 

 

Capítulo X

COMPOSICIÓN DE UN DOCUMENTO CON TEXTO,

LOGOTIPOS, SELLOS Y FIRMAS

 

 

                                                                                                                                                                                201

            Composición con Microsoft Word                                                                                                              207

 

 

Capítulo XI

SELLOS

 

 

                                                                                                                                                                                211

1. El sello como objeto                                                                                                                                            211

2. El sello como impresión                                                                                                                                      212

3. Los sellos y la computadora                                                                                                                                            215

4. Falsedad por escaneo e impresión computarizada                                                                                                          215

5. Modificación de textos y números en la imagen de un sello escaneado                                                             219

a)      Con tipografía proveniente de la misma imagen                                                                                         219

b)      Con tipografía proveniente e imágenes de sellos similares                                                                         228

 

 

Capítulo XII

INVESTIGACIÓN DE NIMPRESIONES DE SELLOS

MEDIANTE LA UTILIZACIÓN DE UNA COMPUTADORA

 

                                                                                                                                                                                237

1. Prueba de superposición                                                                                                                                      237

a)      Procedimiento de la prueba de superposición                                                                                                         237

b)      Inconvenientes de las impresiones fantasmas y/o por suciedad                                                                              243

c)      Casos prácticos                                                                                                                                            245

1.Sellos con líneas a modo de recuadro y textos                                                                                         245

2.Falsificación por copia de la matriz original mediante el sistema de fotopolímero                                              247

3.Análisis de sellos con filigranas                                                                                                                249

2. Prueba de alineación horizontal y vertical                                                                                                           249

            Caso práctico                                                                                                                                               252

 

 

Capítulo XIII

RECONSTRUCCIÓN COMPUTARIZADA

DE LA IMPRESIÓN DE LUN SELLO

 

 

 

                                                                                                                                                                                255

1. Niveles                                                                                                                                                                256

2. Brillo y contraste                                                                                                                                                 257

3. Equilibrio de color                                                                                                                                               259

4. Tono y saturación                                                                                                                                                260

5. Varita mágica                                                                                                                                                      262

6. Lazo poligonal                                                                                                                                                     265

7. Zoom y borrador                                                                                                                                                 265

 

 

Capítulo XIV

CREACIÓN DE LUN FORMULARIO O COMPROBANTE

POR LIMPIADO ELECTRÓNICO Y COMPOSICIÓN

 

                                                                                                                                                                                269

1. Eliminación de caracteres manuscritos                                                                                                                269

2. Eliminación sectorial                                                                                                                                                       272

3. Modificaciones                                                                                                                                                    273

a)      Modificación de textos empleando la tipografía existente en el documento                                                          274

b)      Modificación de números empleando la tipografía existente en el documento                                                      280

c)      Modificaciones mixtas                                                                                                                                            282

Bibliografía                                                                                                                                                             287